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Description
In this work, we will focus on finding optimal parameters such as pressure and
volume flow during injection of supercritical CO2 into saline aquifers. The main physical phenomenon which
prevents achieving high injection rates is salt precipitation. This effect can be esspetially prominent for shallow
and low-permeability reservoirs. It can severely reduce the reservoir permeability around the well, induce
excess pressure build-up, and cause a decline in injectivity Injection of CO2 to rock formation can also have a
negative impact on porosity and permeability of porous medium because grain displacement, compaction, and
shrinkage-swelling and thermochemical processes such as precipitation of minerals and asphaltenes, and
hydrate formation.
In the proposed research we will fill the gap in the knowledge about length (distance), magnitude, and velocity
of capillary-driven backflow, viscous forces under different thermodynamic, continuity of water film conditions,
the impact of salinity and salt type on the magnitude, distribution, and precipitation pattern, nucleation and
growth crystals. As a result we would give an answer on how strong is an effect of CO2 injectivity to induced
salt precipitation.
Studied of the interaction of CO2 and brine with various types of rocks under a wide range of pressures,
temperatures as well as observation of flow through microchannels will be performed by an existing
microfluidic system. Another microfluidic system utilizing Raman spectroscopy will be constructed. That new
system will be used in order to analyze the kinematic and dynamic of the capillary behavior of the brine/CO2
system. It will also be able to distinguish between gaseous CO2 and soluble CO2 and as a result, we would
be able to measure solubility, minimal miscibility pressure, bubble/dew point and determine phase equilibrium
curve.
Summary of project results
The SaltPreCO2 project aimed to address several key challenges related to the large-scale implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, particularly focusing on issues with CO2 injection into geological reservoirs.
During CO2 injection, evaporation of brine in the reservoir can lead to salt precipitation, which clogs the pore spaces in the rock, reduces permeability, and diminishes injectivity. This poses a significant risk to the efficiency of CCS operations, especially in deep saline aquifers. The project sought to better understand the mechanisms behind salt precipitation and how it impacts the near-well region.
The injection of CO2 into subsurface reservoirs can induce mechanical and chemical changes in the reservoir and caprock. These changes can potentially compromise the structural integrity of the storage site, increasing the risk of CO2 leakage. The project aimed to study the impact of CO2 on the mechanical properties of reservoir rocks and caprocks, and how these changes affect long-term storage stability.
There was a need for a better understanding of the complex interactions between CO2, water, brine, and rock under the high-pressure and high-temperature conditions typical of CO2 storage sites. The project aimed to fill these knowledge gaps through advanced microfluidic experiments, thermodynamic modeling, and real-time observation techniques like Raman spectroscopy.
Existing models for salt precipitation and injectivity loss were not adequate for real-world applications due to inconsistencies and lack of dynamic understanding. The project sought to develop new, more accurate models for predicting salt precipitation and its impact on CCS operations, which are essential for designing remediation and prevention strategies.
By tackling these challenges, the SaltPreCO2 project aimed to contribute to the broader goal of making CCS a more reliable and cost-effective solution for mitigating climate change.
The SaltPreCO2 project addressed challenges related to CO2-induced salt precipitation through a combination of experimental, modeling, and dissemination efforts.
The project developed microfluidic systems to simulate CO2-brine-rock interactions, allowing real-time measurement of CO2 concentration via Raman spectroscopy. These systems were used to study the nucleation, precipitation, and growth of salt crystals in porous media. Laboratory experiments focused on determining key thermodynamic properties, such as bubble points and dew points, under varying pressures and temperatures. Additionally, the project evaluated the geomechanical effects of CO2 injection on reservoir and cap rocks, assessing how injection impacts rock stability and long-term storage safety.
The project conducted a comprehensive risk analysis of CO2 injection, evaluating the risks of leakage due to salt precipitation and the impact of CO2 on caprock integrity. This analysis was crucial for ensuring the safe, long-term storage of CO2.
Results were disseminated through open-access publications and presentations at international conferences such as GHGT, InterPore, and EAGE. The project also contributed to education by involving students and early-career researchers in advanced technologies like microfluidic systems and Raman spectroscopy, offering internships and hands-on experience.
A partnership between AGH University of Krakow and the University of Oslo facilitated joint experiments, knowledge exchange, and set up long-term collaboration beyond the project scope.
The SaltPreCO2 project achieved a range of significant outcomes that benefited multiple stakeholders across scientific, industrial, and public sectors.
By publishing its research in high-impact, open-access journals, the project made cutting-edge knowledge in CO2 sequestration widely accessible. This allowed researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers to benefit from the findings, driving further research and development in carbon capture and storage (CCS). The international collaboration fostered through participation in forums like GHGT, InterPore, and EAGE enabled the project to share its results on a global stage, receiving critical feedback and stimulating future collaborations.
The project made significant efforts to raise awareness among the general public through multimedia content and accessible communication strategies. Images and social media (e.g., Facebook and ResearchGate) were used to explain complex scientific results in simpler terms, making the research more relatable and understandable. This outreach potentially influenced public opinion on climate change and CO2 storage, encouraging educational and career interests in related fields.
The SaltPreCO2 project actively contributed to the training of new researchers by involving master students in CO2 research groups. Seminars, workshops, and presentations at educational fairs, such as the IEAGHG Summer School, helped in fostering a new generation of scientists and professionals in the field of CCS, ensuring a pipeline of skilled individuals for the future.
The project engaged industry representatives in seminars and workshops, helping to bridge the gap between academic research and practical application. By interacting with these professionals, the project promoted the adoption of CCS technologies in Norway and Poland, enhancing the capabilities of local industries to implement sustainable energy solutions. This contributed to the economic development of these regions and supported the transition to low-carbon economies.
The project''s commitment to ethical research practices, including proper data handling and inclusiveness, ensured that it upheld societal norms and promoted gender equality. The project created an environment conducive to equal participation, promoting diversity in the scientific community.
The findings of SaltPreCO2, particularly through public lectures, had the potential to influence public policy and opinion related to climate change and energy use. By aligning its research with the UN’s sustainable development goals, such as promoting clean and affordable energy, the project contributed to long-term climate action.
The SaltPreCO2 project generated valuable research outcomes for the scientific community, contributed to the education and training of new professionals, supported industry innovation, and engaged the public in the global fight against climate change. These impacts were widely beneficial across sectors, advancing both knowledge and practical solutions in CCS.
Summary of bilateral results
A partnership between AGH University of Krakow and the University of Oslo facilitated joint experiments, knowledge exchange, and set up long-term collaboration beyond the project scope. As a result several application for further funding were submitted The project "Acceleration of Climate Change Mitigation Technologies Deployment: PolishNorwegian CCS Network – ACCLAIMED:CCS, was financed by Island, Liechtenstein and Norway, through EEA and Norway Grants under the grant FWD-Green-11; Partners: AGH University of Krakow, University of Oslo, and Norwegian Energy Partners (NORWEP).